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solar energy

Solar Renewable Energy

The PS10 concentrated sunlight from a field of heliostats on a central tower.

Solar energy is by far the Earth as energy source available, easily able to provide several times the current total energy demand. The largest solar power plants, as SEGS 354 MW, the focus Solar thermal power plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic power plant were built. Completed in 2008, the 46 MW Moura photovoltaic power Portugal and 40 MW solar park in Germany Waldpolenz are characteristic of the trend toward larger photovoltaic power stations. Much larger are proposed, such that the 550 MW Topaz Solar Farm, and the 600 MW solar farm Rancho Cielo. Covering 4% of the area of desert in the world with photovoltaics could provide all electricity in the world. The Gobi desert alone could supply nearly all of the total world demand of energy.

Energy Solar energy is a predictable source of intermittent, which means that if solar power is not available at all hours, we can predict with accuracy when it will be very good and will not be available. Some technologies, like solar thermal concentrator with a thermal storage element, the potential to eliminate the intermittent nature of solar energy, storing solar energy emergency as heat, and using that heat at night or during periods when solar energy is not available to generate electricity. This technology has the potential to make solar energy "controllable" as a source of heat can be used to produce electricity at will. solar energy installations are normally supplemented by storage or another source of energy, eg energy wind and hydropower.

Applications

Solar energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly to solar energy concentration (CSP), which generally focuses the sun's energy to boil water which is then used to provide energy and technologies such as flat sterling engine using a sterling cycle engine to power a generator. Photovoltaics were first used to supply small and medium enterprises applications, the calculator powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by a generator photovoltaics.

The only major problem with solar energy is the installation cost, although the cost has decreased due the learning curve. Developing countries have begun to build solar power stations, replacing other sources of energy production.

Since solar energy is intermittent, it must be combined with storage or other energy sources to feed continuously although for small distributed generation / consumers, net metering makes this transparent to the consumer. A combined power plant has been demonstrated using 100% renewable energy.

A fundamental difference between renewable and non renewable energy is that non-renewable resources can be purchased as they are consumed, while renewable resources, you pay in advance for the next twenty years energy.

Concentration Solar

Concentrating Solar Power

drinkers Solar is the most widely deployed.

A legend claims that Archimedes used polished shields to concentrate sunlight on the Roman invasion fleet and repel them from Syracuse. Augustus Mouchout used a parabolic trough to produce steam for the steam engine first solar 1866. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large part of the light a small solar beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a source of heat for a conventional plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exist, most developed are the parabolic mirrors, the Fresnel reflector focuses linear, flat and round Stirling solar energy. Various techniques are used to track the sun and the light of discussion. In all these systems a working fluid is heated by concentrated sunlight, and is then used for electricity generation or energy storage.

A parabolic trough consists of a parabolic reflector which focuses on linear light receiver positioned along the reflector focal line. The receiver is a tube placed above the middle of the parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid. The reflector is made to follow the sun during the day by tracking along a single axis. parabolic systems provide the best means of land use of any solar technology. The SEGS plants in California and Acciona, Nevada Solar One near Boulder City, Nevada are representatives of this technology. The hollow-Mulk Suntrof dish, developed by Melvin Prueitt, uses a technique inspired by the principle of Archimedes rotate the mirrors.

Concentration Linear Fresnel reflectors are CSP-plants that use many thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors concentrate sunlight onto two tubes of the working fluid. This has the advantage of flat mirrors can be used, which are much cheaper than parabolic mirrors, and that the reflectors can be placed in the same amount of space, allowing more sunlight available for use. The concentration of linear Fresnel reflectors can be used in large or smaller plants. A dish Stirling solar dish engine or system, consisting of a Stand-alone parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned at the focal point of the reflector. The reflector tracks the Sun along two axes. Parabolic systems provide the most efficient DSP technology. The 50 kilowatts large dish in Canberra, Australia is an example of this technology. The solar dish Stirling dish combines concentration with a Stirling engine which normally causes an electrical generator. The advantages of Stirling solar cells PV systems are more efficient conversion of sunlight into electricity and longer life.

A solar tower uses an array of tracking reflectors (heliostats) to focus light on a central receiver atop a tower. feats are more profitable, provide greater efficiency and better storage capacity of energy between the DSP technology. The two solar Barstow, California and the Planta Solar 10 Sanlucar la Mayor, in which Spain were the representatives of these technology.Photovoltaics

Main article: Photovoltaics

11 MW Serpa solar power plant in Portugal

Solar cell or photovoltaic (PV) is a device that converts light electrical current using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was built by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. Although prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electrical energy, two Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance this discovery. After the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cells 1954 These early solar cells cost 286 USD / watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5 to 6%

Solar energy has great potential, but 2008, provided less than 0.02% of total world production of energy. There are many competing technologies, including fourteen types of photovoltaic cells, such as thin, monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon, cells and several types of concentrating solar power. It is too early to know what technology will become dominant.

The first major application of solar cells has been a source of energy Relief for the Vanguard I satellite in 1958, which allowed him to continue to transmit more than one year after its battery was exhausted chemicals. The functioning solar cells on this mission was twofold in many other Soviet and American satellites, and by the late 1960s, PV has become the source of power established for them. Photovoltaics has played a key role in the success of the first commercial satellites such as Telstar, and they remain essential to the infrastructure telecommunications today.

The high cost of solar cells limited terrestrial uses throughout the 1960s. That changed in 1970 when prices reached levels that made PV generation competitive in remote areas without access to network. Early terrestrial uses included powering telecommunication stations, platforms, offshore oil, navigational buoys and passages upgrade these off-grid applications represented more than half of installed capacity in the world until 2004.

Building-integrated photovoltaic roof cover an increasing number of houses.

The oil crisis of 1973 has stimulated an increase Rapid production of PV in the 1970s and early 1980s. The economies of scale which has increased the production of feature with improvements in system performance has reduced the price of PV down from 100 USD / watt in 1971 to 7 USD / watt in 1985 [31]. continuous decline oil prices during the 1980s led to a reduction in funding for photovoltaic R & D and a cessation of tax credits the Act on the taxation of energy in 1978. These moderate growth of around 15% per year from 1984 to 1996.

Since the mid- 1990s, leadership in the PV industry has changed significantly since the United States, Japan and Europe. Between 1992 and 1994 Japan increased funding R & D, established guidelines for net metering, and introduced a subsidy program to encourage installation of residential photovoltaic systems. Consequently, the PV in the country increased from 31.2 MW in 1994 to 318 MW in 1999, and growth of world output increased by 30% in the 1990s.

Germany has become the market leader in the worldwide PV since the revision of its supply tariff system under the Act on renewable energy sources. Installed PV capacity increased from 100 MW in 2000 to around 4,150 MW at the end 2007. After 2007, Spain became the largest PV market after adopting a diet similar in the tariff structure in 2004, the installation nearly half of photovoltaics (45%) worldwide in 2008, while France, Italy, South Korea and the United States have recently experienced rapid growth due to various incentive programs and local market conditions. The power output of photovoltaic devices household is usually described as kilowatt peak (kWp) units, as most are 1 to 10 kilowatts.

Concentrating photovoltaics is another new method of generating electricity from the sun. Concentration photovoltaics (CPV) systems use the light of concentrated sunlight on photovoltaic surfaces for the production of electrical energy. Solar concentrators of all varieties can be used, and are often mounted on a solar tracker to keep the focus on the cell that the sun moves across the sky. Monitoring is not required concentrations of less than 2 to 5, but increases production PV flat screen up to 20% in winter and up to 50% in summer.

experimental solar

It consists of: Solar Tower, Thermogenerator, concentrating photovoltaics, and space power solar energy

Concentration photovoltaics in Catalonia, Spain.

A Solar Tower ascending (also known as a solar chimney or solar tower) consists of a large greenhouse that funnels into a tower Central. As sunlight shines on the greenhouse effect, air is heated inside and develops. The expansion of air flows toward the central tower where a turbine converts the air flow into electricity. A 50 kW prototype was constructed in Ciudad Real, Spain and operated for eight years before decommissioning in 1989.

Thermoelectric or "thermovoltaic" devices to convert a difference temperature between different materials in an electric current. Originally proposed as a method to store solar energy pioneer solar Mouchout in the 1800s, resurfaced in the thermoelectric Soviet Union during the 1930s. Under the direction of Soviet scientist Abram Ioffe a concentration system was used to generate thermoelectric power for a 1 hp engine. Thermogenic were then used in the space program of the United States as a conversion technology to power deep space missions such as Cassini, Galileo and Viking. Research in this area focuses on improving the effectiveness of these devices by 7-8% to 15-20%.

Finally, Based in space Solar energy is a theoretical conception of the collection of solar energy in space for use on Earth. SBSP differs from the method usual collection of solar energy that solar panels used to collect energy would reside on a satellite in orbit, often considered a satellite of the solar energy (SPS), rather than on the surface. In space, collecting energy from the Sun is not affected by the day / night cycle, weather, seasons, or the filtering effect of atmospheric gases on Earth. Average solar per unit area outside the Earth's atmosphere is about ten times greater than that available on Earth's surface. However, it lacks no energy reaches the surface. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet each year, about twice the amount of energy to be obtained not coal, oil, natural gas and uranium extracted, combined, even using

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